Comparison of kinetic properties of a hydrophilic form of acetylcholinesterase purified from strains susceptible and resistant to carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides of green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler)

A hydrophilic form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified from N-methyl carbamate susceptible (SA) and highly N-methyl carbamate-resistant (N3D) strains of the green rice leafhopper (GRLH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler. Both of purified AChE from SA and N3D strains displayed the highest activities toward acetylthiocholine (ATCh) at pH 8.5. In the SA strain, the optimum concentrations for ATCh, propionylthiocholine (PTCh), and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) were about 1 × 10⁻³, 2.5 × 10⁻³, and 1 × 10⁻³ M, respectively. However, in the N3D strain, substrate inhibition was not identified for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh to 1 × 10⁻² M. The K_m value in the SA strain was 51.1, 39.1, and 41.6 μM and that in the N3D strain was 91.8, 88.1, and 85.2 μM for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The K_m value in the N3D strain indicated about 1.80-, 2.25-, and 2.05-fold lower affinity than that of the SA strain for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The V_max value in the SA strain was 70.2, 30.5, and 4.6 U/mg protein and that in the N3D strain was 123.0, 27.0, and 14.5 U/mg protein for ATCh, PTCh, and BTCh, respectively. The V_max value in the N3D strain was 1.75- and 3.15-fold higher for ATCh and BTCh than that in the N3D strain. However, it was 1.13-fold lower for PTCh. The increased activity of AChE in the N3D strain is due to the qualitatively modified enzyme with a higher catalytic efficiency. The bimolecular rate constant (k_i) for propoxur was 27.1 × 10⁴ and 0.51 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ min⁻¹ in the SA and N3D strain and that for monocrotophos was 0.031 × 10⁴ and 2.0 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ min⁻¹ in the SA and N3D strain. AChE from the N3D strain was 53-fold less sensitive than SA strain to inhibition by propoxur. In contrast, AChE from the N3D strain was 65-fold more sensitive to inhibition by monocrotophos than AChE from the SA strain. This indicated negatively correlated cross-insensitivity of AChE to propoxur and monocrotophos.     

赖氨酸采食量对早期断奶仔猪生长发育及胰腺内分泌机能的影响

将55头21日龄断奶的雄性仔猪随机分为5组，各组仔猪饲喂赖氨酸含量为0．60％、0．80％、1．00％、1．20％和1．40％的试验日粮21d。42日龄结束饲养试验时进行葡萄糖灌注试验，观察赖氨酸采食量对早期断奶仔猪生长发育和胰腺内分泌的影响。结果表明：早期断奶仔猪体增重与赖氨酸采食量为强正相关，根椐体增重指标，21～42日龄阶段，仔猪的赖氨酸采食量不应低于3．16g／d，日粮赖氨酸含量不应低于1.40％。赖氨酸严重缺乏(采食量小于1．45g／d)时，胰岛素的分泌量下降，对高血糖应激的反应能力降低。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速测定稻谷中的镉

探索了一种对稻谷中重金属镉的快速、直接的测定方法,以适用稻谷集中收购、存储和流通过程中快速检测的的需要。样品无需前处理,直接磨成粉状即可上机测定。该方法采用X射线荧光光谱分析的原理,样品中的待测元素受激产生特征X射线,并由高性能探测器接收,得到镉元素的信号强度,然后根据信号强度与浓度的比例关系,经过软件处理自动计算样品中镉的含量,20min内完成精确定量。检出限可达到0.034mg/kg,实物标样标准偏差为0.016。此方法简单快速,并且准确性高,重现性好,可广泛应用于稻谷中镉的快速检测。     

基于生理发育时间的水稻发育期预测方法

水稻发育期模型研究是开展现代农业气象服务工作的基础。基于作物生理发育时间守恒原理,综合考虑温度和日长因子对水稻发育期的影响,利用云南省12个农气观测站2011—2014年水稻发育期观测和地面气象观测资料,分别构建并验证了适用于籼稻种植区和粳稻种植区的发育期预报模型。结果表明,2套模型在全发育期和各发育阶段的预报值与观测值模拟效果总体较好,平均全发育期RMSE值为7.47,RE值为7.99%,粳稻模型和籼稻模型的RE值分别为6.49%和9.5%,粳稻区模拟效果优于籼稻区。模型生物学意义明确、参数通用性强,适用于农业气象业务服务中水稻发育期预测,具有推广应用价值。     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

不同优质粳稻花药对低温和激素处理的培养响应

以3份优质粳稻品种为供试材料,研究了3种低温预处理和9个激素处理组合对离体花药培养的影响。结果表明:供试材料花药对低温预处理的响应存在明显差异,对激素处理组合的响应也存在一定差异。     

施氮对蜀恢498及其突变体株型和物质生产特性的影响

【目的】分析不同施氮量处理下水稻株型、物质生产以及产量的变化规律,为水稻新品种的选育和栽培管理提供参考。【方法】2015-2016年,以蜀恢498(R498)及其突变体sg1和sg2为材料,采用两因素裂区设计,其中施氮量为主因素(0,90,180 kg/hm~2以下简称为CK,N90,N180),水稻材料为副因素,分析了不同施氮处理下蜀恢498及其突变体节间长度、叶部特征、叶面积指数、高效叶面积率、粒叶比、干物质量、产量及其构成因素的变化。【结果】(1)施氮对R498及其突变体sg1和sg2上部N_1～N_5节间长度均有一定影响,其中N_1、N_2和N_3的节间长度均表现为R498sg1sg2,差异达到显著水平,N_4和N_5节间长度无明显变化规律。在同一节间下,低氮处理(N90)的节间长度与高氮处理(N180)的差异不显著。与CK相比,施氮增加了水稻叶片长度和宽度、单叶面积以及叶面积指数,降低了2016年高效叶面积率。(2)随着施氮量的增加,粒叶比呈降低趋势;3个材料中,sg1的粒叶比最大,比R498和sg2分别高14.97%和34.83%。(3)干物质量随施氮量的增加而增大,N90与N180处理间差异较小。2015-2016年,水稻的产量均表现为R498sg1sg2。R498、sg1和sg2产量均随施氮量的增加而增大。2015和2016年,R498、sg1和sg2 N90处理的产量比N180处理分别减少了14.96%,14.45%,23.77%和2.23%,6.25%,8.66%。有效穗数和千粒质量均表现为R498sg1sg2,而颖花数和着粒密度则表现为sg2sg1R498;施氮对有效穗数影响最大,N90与N180处理间差异总体达到显著水平。(4)2015和2016年,N90处理氮肥偏生产力处理显著高于N180处理。氮肥农学利用率表现为sg2sg1R498,氮肥偏生产力表现为R498sg1sg2。【结论】突变体sg1对氮响应较慢,在水稻育种中有很大的应用价值。在杂交品种选育中,可通过观测不同材料在不同供氮水平下的表现,从而选育出稳产增产的水稻新品种,更好地实现减氮稳产增效。     

稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比筛选

【目的】以腐殖质组成特征为评价依据,筛选稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比,为两类农业固体废弃物的资源化应用提供参考。【方法】以稻草和牛粪为材料,采用室内培养法,研究稻草与牛粪质量比为10∶0(Rs),9∶1(Rd1),7∶3(Rd2),5∶5(Rd3),3∶7(Rd4),1∶9(Rd5)和0∶10(Dm)混合腐解90 d,各处理水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(Hu)组分的有机碳含量(依次表述为C_(WSS)、C_(HE)、C_(HA)、C_(Hu)),以及胡敏酸碱溶液E_4/E_6、腐殖化系数(C_(HA)/C_(FA))的动态变化,筛选稻草与牛粪腐解的最佳配比。【结果】与0 d相比,在腐解完成(90 d)后,各处理C_(WSS)含量均有不同程度降低,相比于稻草,牛粪腐解后更易促进微生物对C_(WSS)的利用,使其下降86.2%;Rd2和Rd5处理使物料C_(HE)含量分别增加10.2%和28.6%,其余处理C_(HE)均有不同程度消耗;与0 d相比,腐解完成后,Rd1、Rd3和Dm处理均有助于C_(HA)的积累,其中牛粪腐解更易促进C_(HA)的形成,使其增加30.5%。在各处理下,物料HA分子均先发生降解、脂族化,而后逐渐缩合、芳香化,但HA分子结构仍趋于简单;在促进HA分子脂族化方面,Rd4处理的优势最大,而Dm处理更有利于HA结构的稳定。Rd3处理在促进腐殖质品质方面的贡献最大,其次为Rd1处理,Dm和Rs处理次之,但Rd2和Rd5处理不利于腐殖质品质的改善;Rs、Rd1、Rd2、Rd3和Rd4处理在腐解过程中更有利于C_(Hu)的分解,且Rd3处理的优势最大,使C_(Hu)含量下降91.0%,而牛粪比例≥90%更有助于C_(Hu)的累积。【结论】稻草与牛粪按照质量比5∶5混合腐解,易促进C_(Hu)的分解和C_(HA)的积累,利于腐殖质品质提升。     

低温与氮耦合对水稻内源激素含量的影响

【目的】探究不同耐冷氮高效水稻材料内源激素代谢特点,以阐明氮营养对提高水稻耐冷性的调节机理。【方法】以水稻近等基因系耐冷氮高效I16和冷敏氮低效I67为材料,采用水培试验,研究人工气候室模拟低温胁迫与4个氮肥水平(10,20,40和60 mg/L)耦合对水稻根、叶中内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量的影响及其互作效应。【结果】随水稻生育进程,根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在开花期达到峰值,ABA含量在成熟期达峰值。水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量随施氮水平增加而升高,ABA则相反;在相同施氮水平下,低温抑制IAA、CTK、GA合成,促进ABA升高,4种激素含量呈现I16高于I67,叶高于根。低温与中氮耦合对水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA的调控为正效应,低温与高氮耦合调控ABA为负效应,中氮可使水稻维持较高内源激素含量,这是增强水稻耐冷性的内在机理之一。【结论】在低温和氮肥耦合下,维持根叶中较高的IAA、CTK、GA、ABA含量,以及施氮对根、叶激素耦合效应的差异,是引起水稻耐冷性和氮素利用效率差异的重要生理调节因素。